Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
HITIT THEOLOGY JOURNAL, cilt.22, sa.2, ss.881-900, 2023 (ESCI)
The study aims to investigate the reflections of the performative speech act of commanding, which is a type of speech act, in the field of early Arabic language sciences and to explore the different types of discourse in which it is performed. In order to better comprehend the topic, the emergence, definition, types, and conditions of speech acts within the framework of modern linguistics are initially investigated using contemporary linguistic sources. In the study, in addition to the illocutionary acts that triggers the emergence of the theory of speech acts, indirect speech acts are also addressed. In the second section of the article, assessments are made based on findings obtained from sources regarding the reflections of the theory of speech acts in the Arabic language. Furthermore, a conceptual explanation is provided for the dictionary meaning of the command word and the act of commanding. The imperative illocution act is structurally analyzed through Arabic language syntax and rhetorical sources, and the analysis of the command illocution act found in the verses is shaped by these sources, supplemented by tafsir sources. In the study, the types of words and sentences that perform the imperative illocution act in the Arabic language are investigated from classical sources. These meanings are determined based on linguistic factors known as "qarine" in Arabic linguistics. In Arabic language, besides imperatives, gerunds, infinitives used as imperatives, enunciative sentences, interrogatives, mansub nouns with omitted verbs, verbs with inciting particles, some circumstantial clauses and some words having the meaning of imperative depending on the conventional implicature are used with a meaning of order and perform as imperative illocution. Three studies on the subject could be identified. The first of these is the article "Translation Problem of Imperative Siyga Expressing Ibaha in The Holy Qur'an" written by Zulfikar Durmus. In the study, the author examines the reflection of command expressions indicating permission in the verses of the Quran. While conducting the research, the author primarily relies on sources of Tafsir and Islamic Law to determine the meaning of permission (ibaha). The author concludes that in the translations of verses expressing the meaning of permission, necessary diligence has not been exhibited. The second is the article "An Evaluation on the Denotation of the Command in terms of the Usul of Fiqh and the Phrases Denoting the Command" written by Nuri Kahveci. In this study, the writer analyses the verses stating commands from the perspective of Islamic law. Besides, he addresses how madhhabs (sects) have comprehended these verses stating command. In the study, it was identified that although Usul scholars took it into consideration that the imperative mode was used in a binding and requiring style, they did not agree with each other about the definition of the command, and its necessity in an authoritative style as it denotes certainty. The last is the article "According to Abu al-Qasim al-Mu'addib Arabic Imperative Modes and Their Reflections in the Qur'an" written by Irfan Kose. In the study, the writer aims to explain the imperative modes in Arabic depending on Abu al-Qasim al-Muaddib's (d. 338/950) views in his book called Daqa'iq al-Tasrif. According to al-Muaddib, there are various forms bearing the imperative meaning. The writer addresses these forms within the frame of book and analyses the meanings in which imperative mode was used in Qur'an. This study aims to investigate whether the early Arabic grammarians were aware of the basic philosophy of the Speech Acts Theory or not. In this study, the meanings, especially apart from the literal meanings in Arabic language, are considered as illocutionary. This study aims to prove that the formation of these meanings or illocutions depend on factors of pragmatics, in other words to the context and indications. In this sense, this study aims to identify the forms illocution bears as a speech act in Arabic language literature and in verses. This study will hopefully be a first as it addresses the reflections of speech acts, which have a modern characteristic as a theory, in early Arabic scholarship and the various forms of imperative illocution. As a result of the study, it was understood that the theory of speech acts, which J. L. Austin brought to the field of modern linguistic pragmatics and which is a concept on which pragmatics is based, has not escaped Islamic jurists' attention, Arabic linguists and commentators in terms of its meaning and function since the beginning of Islamic civilization. It was concluded that there are various expression types of expressions with the meaning of imperative modes.