Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, cilt.152, 2021 (SCI-Expanded)
Introductions of biological control agents are unique field experiments to examine the response of novel organisms to new environments. Post-release monitoring is particularly challenging where closely related and morphologically similar biological control agents have been released. Two closely-related phytophagous weevils, Larinus minutus and L. obtusus, were introduced as biological control agents for two major rangeland weeds, diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa and spotted knapweed, C. stoebe subsp. micranthos in North America. The release of the Larinus species coincided with a decline in C. diffusa abundance in many areas. However, it was not clear whether both species of Larinus had become established as they are morphologically very similar. We asked: (1) Could genetic markers be used to identify both the weevil species? (2) Do both weevil species attack both knapweed species in Canada? (3) Are the levels of genetic diversity of the introduced populations of the weevils similar to those of a European source population? (4) Is genetic mixing between the weevil species occurring? Both microsatellite and CO1 mtDNA markers distinguish between the two weevil species. Larinus obtusus was only found on spotted knapweed, while L. minutus was more widely distributed and attacked both weed species. The relatively large initial introductions of weevils to British Columbia (4,300 L. minutus and 5,500 L. obtusus) together with rapid population growth and frequent redistribution among sites has been sufficient to maintain levels of genetic diversity. Results from small samples showed that haplotype, nucleotide diversity and allelic richness of the introduced populations were comparable to those of a European population. We found no evidence for hybridization in the introduced populations.