Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
INTERNATIONAL BLACK SEA MODERN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CONGRESS, Rize, Türkiye, 29 Eylül - 02 Ekim 2022, ss.28-56
Gemology, in general, is a scientific and commercial endeavor that all kind of materials called gemstone are take the topic from the formation in the Earth’s crust to every method and operation during process until the taste and use of the consumers. Today, there are approximately 300 gemstones traded globally. These; They include approximately 286 mineral origin materials gathered under the name of diamond and colored stones, about 8 petrified organic materials, mainly pearl, and about 6 rock origin materials, mainly obsidian.Due to use of gemstones for various purposes, dating back to about 30,000 years ago, today’s examples are scientific multidisciplinary gemology, which deals with their use in the ornament and jewelry industry, while for examples in ancient times, the scientific multidisciplinary archaeo-gemology is the subject of their use. In fact, lapidary and the making of jewelries began in early humans with the making drilled beads of various shapes, from round to cylindrical, for both earth and otherworldly purposes. In the follow-up, the undrilled gems with cabochon-cut, called glyptics, and at the same time, the functional gems that are depictions of various decorative-looking trinkets and objects, emerged. Massive and crystalline-looking gemstones, due to their unique color, morphological appearance and physico-chemical properties with mineralogical phenomena and their rarity, they have been used in the history of humanity since ancient times and even today, as well as their magical meanings, as alternative passive war tools that prevent the approach of evil forces and/or they were also used as amulets, tools to manipulate positive phenomena such as healing, peace, happiness, and abundance. There is an economic gemstone potential in approximately 25-30 countries around the world. However, not all of these countries have the same mineral richness and only 14 countries (Brazil, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Colombia, Australia, Burma, Thailand, Russia, Madagascar, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Tanzania) are the most important in the global gemstone trade, and generate huge business income. However, due to Turkey’s harboring around 45 gemstone varieties, the existence of a rough material richness of approximately 50 billion USD has been determined by scientific data.