Analysis of DDT and its metabolites in soil and water samples obtained in the vicinity of a closed-down factory in Bangladesh using various extraction methods

Al Mahmud M. N. U., Khalil F., Rahman M. M., Mamun M. I. R., Shoeb M., Abd El-Aty A. M. A., ...Daha Fazla

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT, cilt.187, sa.12, 2015 (SCI-Expanded) identifier identifier identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 187 Sayı: 12
  • Basım Tarihi: 2015
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1007/s10661-015-4965-9
  • Dergi Adı: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: Bangladesh, DDT, Metabolites, Inter-laboratory, Microwave-assisted extraction, Supercritical fluid extraction, SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION, PESTICIDE-RESIDUES, MICROWAVE, PARKS
  • Atatürk Üniversitesi Adresli: Hayır

Özet

This study was conducted to monitor the spread of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD)) in soil and water to regions surrounding a closed DDT factory in Bangladesh. This fulfillment was accomplished using inter-method and inter-laboratory validation studies. DDTs (DDT and its metabolites) from soil samples were extracted using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and solvent extraction (SE). Inter-laboratory calibration was assessed by SE, and all methods were validated by intra-and inter-day accuracy (expressed as recovery %) and precision (expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD)) in the same laboratory, at three fortified concentrations (n=4). DDTs extracted from water samples by liquid-liquid partitioning and all samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)-electron capture detector (ECD) and confirmed by GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Linearities expressed as determination coefficients (R-2) were >= 0.995 for matrix-matched calibrations. The recovery rate was in the range of 72-120 and 83-110 %, with <15 % RSD in soil and water, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.0165 mg kg(-1) in soil and 0.132 mu g L-1 in water. Greater quantities of DDTs were extracted from soil using the MAE and SE techniques than with the SFE method. Higher amounts of DDTs were discovered in the southern (2.2-936 x 10(2) mg kg(-1)) or southwestern (86.3-2067 x 10(2) mg kg(-1)) direction from the factory than in the eastern direction (1.0-48.6 x 10(2) mg kg(-1)). An exception was the soil sample collected 50 ft (15.24 m) east (2904 x 10(2) mg kg(-1)) of the factory. The spread of DDTs in the water bodies (0.59-3.01 mu g L-1) was approximately equal in all directions. We concluded that DDTs might have been dumped randomly around the warehouse after the closing of the factory.