Fluorometric determination of Fe3+ in water samples using naphthylamine-functionalized cyclotriphosphazene probes and paper-based analytical platforms
Microchemical Journal, cilt.227, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 227
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.microc.2026.118699
- Dergi Adı: Microchemical Journal
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Index Islamicus, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Cyclotriphosphazene, Fluorescence, Chemosensor, Iron, DFT, 2-Naphthylamine
- Atatürk Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Novel 2-naphthylamine-decorated cyclotriphosphazene compounds (6 and 7), which are likely to possess fluorescence sensor properties, have been designed and successfully synthesized. Structural characterization of the purified compounds was performed using mass spectrometry, NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopy. In addition, the solid-state structure and geometry of compound 7 were structurally characterized for the first time in this study by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. According to X-ray crystallography, compound 7 crystallizes in the Pccn space group and the orthorhombic crystal system. The chemosensor properties of compounds 6 and 7 against a series of metal ions were investigated using UV–Vis and Fluorescence spectrophotometers, and it was observed that the fluorescence emission signals were almost completely quenched with the addition of Fe3+ ions. Following further studies, the limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) for this analyte were calculated as 0.53 and 0.73 μM (LODs) and 1.77 and 2.43 μM (LOQs) for compounds 6 and 7, respectively. Results obtained from Stern-Volmer plots and fluorescence lifetime analyses supported the static quenching mechanism. The RSD (%) for Fe3+ determination using compounds 6 and 7 was 2.93 and 3.11, respectively, indicating high reproducibility. Experimental studies using Job's method determined the complex stoichiometries of compounds 6 and 7 with the selective analyte (Fe3+) as 1:1 (L/M) and 2:1 (L/M), respectively, and these results were supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The probe was also used in applications for the direct determination of Fe3+ in real samples, including lake and spring water. The obtained results were confirmed by corresponding data from the spike/recovery test and ICP-MS, which were used as standard analysis methods. The synthesized probes (6 and 7) were found to be highly selective and sensitive, with satisfactory limits of detection and quantification compared with other existing systems for the determination of iron ions.