Efficiency is essential for the continuity of livestock enterprises. Ensuring productivity in the enterprises depends on the realization of ideal fertility parameters. Infertility can cause significant economic losses in enterprises because of inefficiency of fry in the desired time, decrease in milk production, unnecessary feeding of ineffective animals, removal from the herd, labor, extra expenses such as semen and medicine. Therefore, it is a primary objective to try to keep the fertility of animals at an optimum level in all livestock enterprises. Anoestrus problem is one of the factors that make it difficult to reach this target in large cattle breeding companies. Anoestrus is a reproductive problem, which is continuously ignored and causes serious economic losses in livestock enterprises. In addition to prolonging the postpartum period, anoestrus causes a decrease in the number of calves born during the year and a decrease in the income obtained from the sale of meat and milk. Anoestrus, one of the main causes of infertility in cows; malnutrition, environmental factors, ovarian and uterine pathologies and managerial deficiencies or errors. Accurate identification of anestrus and finding solutions to its causes is vital for productivity in cattle holdings. In this review, the factors that cause anoestrus in cows and the classification of physiological and pathological anoestrus are discussed.