JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCHES IN RELIGIOUS SCIENCES, cilt.23, sa.2, ss.935-958, 2023 (ESCI)
Hadis âlimlerinin mevzû olarak nitelendirdikleri bazı hadislerin kimi zaman kelâm eserlerinde kullanıldığı mülâhaza edilir. Ancak Hz. Peygamber’e ait olmayan ve bu yönleriyle kanıt değeri taşımayan mevzû hadislerin özellikle doğru haberi, bilgi kaynakları arasında sayan kelâm ilminde kullanılması bir çelişki gibi görünmektedir. Hatta bazı araştırmacılar kelâmcıların bu tutumunu hadis bilememekle ve doğrudan hadis uydurma faaliyeti ile bağdaştırmaktadırlar. O halde, kelâmcılar mevzû olduğu açıkça bilinen hadisleri nasıl bu kadar rahat kullanabilmişlerdir? Yine kelâmcılar açıkça kural ihlâli olarak nitelendirilebilecek bu durumu nasıl görmezlikten gelmişlerdir? Bu çalışmada rivayeti bile ancak belli şartlarla caiz olan mevzû hadislerin kelâm ilminde bu şartlardan mücerret bir şekilde kullanılmasının arka planına dair klasik eserlerdeki izahların literatür taraması ve anlama-yorumlama yöntemlerine tabi tutulmasıyla bir teklifte bulunulacaktır. Nitekim kelâm âlimlerinin asıl niyetlerini ve bilinçli olarak mevzû hadisleri kullanıp kullanmadıklarını anlama amacına yönelik derinlemesine bir analizin literatürde yeterince bulunmadığı göze çarpmaktadır. Bu bağlamda öncelikle günümüz araştırmacılarının kelâmcıların bu tutumlarına dair açıklamaları ele alınacak akabinde mütâbaat kavramının tanımı ve sebepleri üzerinden bir açıklama geliştirilmeye çalışılacaktır. Bulgular doğrultusunda kelâmcıların bu tür hadisleri mütâbaat yoluyla aktardıkları ve bu durumun bizzat hadisçiler tarafından da dile getirilip yergiye konu olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda günümüz araştırmacılarının kelâm eserlerinde geçen mevzû hadisleri, hadis bilmemek veya hadis uydurma faaliyetiyle bağdaştırmaları pek de uygun görünmemektedir.
A type of khabar al-wāhid known as weak hadiths
is subject to various divisions, and among them, fabricated hadiths are
considered the most worthless among weak hadiths. Indeed, a fabricated hadith
is a narration falsely attributed to Prophet Muhammad, invented and fabricated
in his name. The person who produces such narrations sometimes creates the
narration themselves, sometimes attributes the words of righteous predecessors
or wise individuals who lived in the past, or attributes Israelite narratives
as if Prophet Muhammad spoke them, or adds a sound attribution to a weak hadith
to give it credibility. Although many examples can be given of places where
fabricated hadiths are used, one exciting place where they are encountered is
in the works of scholars from the Islamic intellectual tradition. Some Islamic
scholars unknowingly contributed to the acceptance of these fabricated
narrations among the ummah by including them in their works. Hadith scholars
have unanimously agreed that the narration of a fabricated hadith is permissible
only if it is accompanied by a clear statement that it is fabricated. However,
in some theological works, including those of Islamic theology (kalām), it is
observed that hadiths whose fabrication is explicitly mentioned are used
without any explanation of their fabrication. Surprisingly, prominent figures
such as Imam Juwaynī (d. 478/1085) and Al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111), who hold an essential
place in various fields, including theology, have fallen into this error. Of
course, attributing a statement to Prophet Muhammad that does not belong to
him, even with good intentions, does not change this fact. So, how can
theologians comfortably use these hadiths by attributing them to Prophet
Muhammad? Did theologians not know that these hadiths were fabricated? Or do
they fabricate hadiths due to sectarian bias? This study aims to explore the
background of the inclusion of explicitly fabricated hadiths in theological
works. By analyzing the explanations presented by subsequent scholars, we can
better understand how theologians relate to fabricated hadiths. As a result, including
fabricated hadiths in theological works highlights the potential for errors and
misconceptions. It reminds us that scholars are not infallible and can make
mistakes, emphasizing the importance of applying strict methods to evaluate the
authenticity of hadiths. The issue of fabricated hadiths is not limited to
theology alone; it can also be observed in other fields of knowledge.
Therefore, this study contributes to a broader perspective by exploring similar
uses of fabricated hadiths in various domains. While there are existing studies
on fabricated hadiths, this research contributes to the discussion by examining
the specific case of Teftāzānī's Sharh al-Aqāid and the narration related to
the creation of the Quran. By analyzing the explanations provided by subsequent
scholars, we gain a better understanding of how theologians engage with
fabricated hadiths. Consequently, the inclusion of fabricated hadiths in
theological works highlights the potential for errors and misconceptions,
reminding us that scholars are not infallible and emphasizing the importance of
applying rigorous standards for evaluating the authenticity of hadiths. The
study aims to clarify the background and rationale behind the use of fabricated
hadiths by theologians. It emphasizes the importance of comprehensively
understanding theologians' approach to fabricated hadiths. It also underscores
the significance of discerning the authenticity of hadiths and applying
rigorous evaluation standards. While the issue of fabricated hadiths is not
limited to theology, it can also be observed in other fields. Hence, this study
contributes to a broader perspective by exploring similar uses of fabricated
hadiths in various disciplines. Although there are existing studies on
fabricated hadiths, a comprehensive analysis focusing on the intentions and
conscious use of theologians regarding fabricated hadiths is lacking in the
literature. This research aims to fill that gap by providing a foundation for
the argument that theologians do not resort to fabricated hadiths with ill
intentions but rather employ the method of mutāba ̒ah in their usage of
relevant hadiths. In this regard, the study aims to present a comprehensive
perspective on fabricated hadiths, enabling a better understanding and
evaluation of theologians' approach.