Enhanced durability, performance, and sustainability of alkali-activated composites with nano-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and nano-Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> under hybrid thermal-microwave curing

Hooshyar S., ÜÇDEMİR G., Benli A., KAPLAN G., AYDIN A. C., Ozbakkaloglu T.

JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus) identifier

Özet

This study examines alkali-activated composites (AACs) incorporating ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) and waste marble powder, with nano-hematite (n-Fe2O3) and nano-magnetite (n-Fe3O4) as partial GBFS replacements (0%-1.2%). A hybrid curing regime, combining thermal curing at 75 degrees C with microwave curing, was used to accelerate strength development. Nanoparticle addition reduced flowability (200 -> 177 mm) but enhanced compressive strength, with optimum performance at 0.6% replacement. n-Fe3O4 generally outperformed n-Fe2O3, yielding similar to 5%-10% higher strength. Hybrid curing was highly efficient, enabling 79%-89% of the 28-day compressive strength within 3 h. After exposure to 800 degrees C, all mixtures deteriorated severely (70%-77% strength loss), with the reference mixture showing the greatest residual capacity (29.7%). The 0.6% n-Fe3O4 mixture suffered the highest thermal degradation (76.8%). Durability improved with nanoparticle incorporation, as 1.2% n-Fe3O4 yielded the lowest sulfate-induced deterioration (0.9% strength loss), whereas n-Fe2O3 exhibited slightly better resistance under 50 wetting-drying cycles.